What Is The Best Way To Backup Data

Writen by Christine Harrell

Although businesses realize the severe loss associated with losing their data, a surprising majority still aren't backing up. Most people have good intentions of implementing some sort of backup service, but aren't entirely sure where to begin. Here we'll take a comparative look at 3 types of information backup plans: direct access storage, tape backup drives, and online storage.

Direct Attached Storage:

The best thing about direct attached storage is that it's easy to access the information if your main drive is lost. Data in its correct form can be accessed right from the direct attached storage drive and you can quickly go on with you life.

For most small to medium sized businesses, a direct access storage unit is the most logical option. The backups can be scheduled to occur automatically and do their job consistently and regularly without the need for a person to manage it full time. The size of a direct access storage unit is often plenty of room for a small to midsized business.

Tape Backup Drives:

There are 3 main benefits to keeping a tape library with a tape backup drive.

Off Site Storage – The first benefit is that the data can be stored off site to reduce risk of loss of both your primary data and your backup data due to fire, flooding, or other natural disasters.

Unlimited Storage Capacity – For businesses that have a great deal of data, not using tape backup drives means filling up numerous hard disks, which doesn't make sense economically. Instead of purchasing a new storage unit each time the drive is full, a new tape can be placed into the existing hardware and the full tape can be added to the tape library.

Chronological Records – Direct access storage and online storage solutions often present the storage of only the most current document as an asset. In most cases, having only the most current document is all that matters. However, many businesses require 'snapshots' of various documents throughout their lifespan and a tape library is an excellent way to accomplish this. With a tape backup drive, you can look back on a document such as a customer contract during different stages of its development to look for critical variations.

Online Data Backup:

Online data backup services can cost $1500 per year on the low end for just one Window based computer. While convenient, the cost may not be justifiable for many small businesses who can buy a tape backup drive or a direct access storage drive for a fraction of the yearly cost of an online service. Also, you'll want to do a good deal of investigation as to how safe your data actually is.

The obvious benefit to an online service is that the data is being stored outside of the office and better dispersed. In the event of a fire, it's best to have your data in multiple locations so to reduce risk. However, this can also be achieved by storing tape libraries in a remote location or fire resistant safe.

Because each business is different, there is no one right way to handle information backup. Companies who specialize in backup products can be a great source for information and consultation as to which type of backup system to choose. If you're not backing up your information now, make it a goal to have a system implemented by the end of the month. It's a natural tendency to put off preventative measures as long as everything is fine today. Once you implement a system it can, for the most part run on its own and you'll be back to business as usual with an even greater sense of security.

Author is a writer for Sunstar Company which specializes in direct attached storage and tape back drives. For additional information you can visit http://www.SunstarCo.com.

Hard Drives

Writen by Kent Pinkerton

A hard drive, or hard disk drive (HDD), is the storage device you use in your personal computer (PC). These are non-volatile storage devices used to store the data of your computer—meaning you can be assured that whatever data is stored in these devices, it cannot easily be erased. However, there is no guarantee that your HDD would not encounter problems causing it to crash and causing you to eventually loose your data.

Inside the HDD, there are many mechanisms that move around to perform read and write functions. The HDD is made of rotating platters, commonly called disks. Each of these platters has a planar magnetic surface where the data is stored. This data is sent to a read-write head, which sends an electrical charge, executing the transaction. These moving parts and electrical charges could possibly cause the breakdown of your HDD, but manufacturers have already designed firmware into the HDD to allow more efficient scheduling of reads and writes if the HDD surface and the remapping of sectors of the disk fail. Also, HDD manufacturers have collaborated with motherboard makers in developing the Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T., that can warn you of possible failures, allowing you to make necessary backups before data loss occurs.

An HDD is accessed with the following bus types: ATA (which includes IDE and EIDE), SATA, SCSI, SAS, FireWire (or IEEE 1394), USB and Fibre Channel. Aside from the connection, you have to select your HDD by the capacity, nowadays measured by gigabytes; the physical size, normally, if you are using a desktop, you would need a 3.5" HDD, whereas 2.5" is what you would use for a laptop; the reliability or the estimated number of uses before you HDD fails; speed or the number of reads and writes per second; power consumption; transfer rate; random access time; and the G-shock rating, which is very important if you plan to travel with your HDD a lot.

Hard Drives provides detailed information on Hard Drives, External Hard Drives, Hard Drive Data Recovery, Format Hard Drives and more. Hard Drives is affiliated with Hard Drive Recovery Software.

What Tablet Pcs Can Do For You

Writen by Nick Smith

Tablet PCs are great. If you are a mobile person, and you have never considered getting a tablet PC in the past, now is as good a time as any to start checking them out - the technology is cutting-edge, the usability is superb, and prices are starting to drop.

There are two main types of tablet PCs: convertible and slate. Convertible tablets look a lot like normal laptops except the screen can be rotated all the way around and laid down flat across the keyboard. You then input information through the screen using a stylus. Slate tablet PCs include only the screen interface – though they are fully integratable with peripherals like keyboards and mouses, the computer itself does not have them. Both types are viable options, depending on your personal preferences and what you'll be using it for.

As with any technology, tablet PCs have advantages and disadvantages. Thanks to the last few years of development and enhancement, the disadvantages are shrinking in number, and the perks are becoming more and more enticing.

Advantages of Tablet PCs

Far and away, the best thing about tablet PCs is their mobility. You can take and use them anywhere you go, the same way you would take notebook and pen. That means that when your boss bumps into you in the hallway and gives you a number of assignments, you can write them down. In meetings you don't have to hide your face behind the monitor of your laptop because you can lay the tablet PC flat on the table. For students, this mobility is great - you can study your notes while you're waiting in lines or even in the car.

Tablet PCs let you use digital ink to store handwritten notes, graphs, charts, and pictures. You don't have to worry about taking your laptop and a notepad and pen to meetings or classes. Using the stylus, tablet PCs record your handwriting and drawings. They can convert your handwriting to text if you need to turn in an assignment typewritten.

All of the money you have been spending on pens, pencils, highlighters, notepads, papers, binders, folders, staples, and paperclips stays in your pocket. Because of the digital ink option on tablet PCs, much of the need for paper supplies and writing utensils is eliminated. You can keep all your notes on your computer.

Finally, one of the advantages of tablet PCs over regular laptops is that you don't lose any functionality from your computer. Tablets operate on similar platforms and run many of the same programs. In fact, many programs integrate all of their normal functions with digital ink, so you can add notes to documents and even email your handwritten notes to someone.

Disadvantages of Tablet PCs

Despite my obvious zeal for tablet PCs, I recognize that there are still some disadvantages. First is the price. The prices for tablet PCs are coming down quite a bit from when they were first released, but on average, you can expect to spend more for a tablet PC than for its equivalent laptop. Depending on the bells and whistles you're looking for, expect to pay anywhere from $1,000 on up.

The handwriting-to-text conversion does not always work the way you wish it would. Just like speech-to-text systems require a trained style of speech to work properly, tablet PCs recognize a trained penmanship easier than the way you may write naturally. A lot of the kinks in these conversion systems have been worked out - but don't plan on handwriting your next novel expecting to be able to convert into a print-ready copy with no problems.

Finally, their smaller size is both an advantage and disadvantage. They are much more mobile than their laptop counterparts, but the viewing area is also smaller. Likewise, the keyboard also shrinks down to accommodate the smaller size, so if you feel like your fingers are already cramped on a laptop-sized keyboard, you'll want to make sure you're going to be able to use the tablet PCs before you buy one.

Nick Smith is a client account specialist with 10x Marketing - More Visitors. More Buyers. More Revenue. For organizational software that will help you take full advantage of tablet PCs, visit GoBinder.com.

Data Storage Media A Guide To Selecting Media For Storing And Backing Up Computer Data

Writen by David Haysom

Data, or information stored on your computer, can either be held on fixed disk drives inside the computer or on removable media such as CD's that can be inserted and removed. Removable media can be used to transfer files between computers or to backup the data already existing on fixed disk drives. There are three types of removable media: Magnetic, Optical and Flash.

Magnetic Storage Magnetic Storage: Hard disks, floppy disks and digital audiotape are examples of Magnetic storage. They operate through a read/write head, which creates and reads magnetic impressions on the disk.

The downside…

• The magnetic impression only lasts for around five years
• The capacity of most removable magnetic disks is too low for many types of files

Optical storage Optical Storage holds information in digital form that is written and read by a laser. All CD and DVD devices are examples of this.

The upside…

• Increased capacity: one Optical disc can store the same amount of data as over 500 diskettes
• Durability: they last up to seven times as long as Magnetic forms of storage

Flash Memory (Solid-State Removable Storage) Solid-state memory (or Flash memory) is a high-performance plug-and-play storage device that contains no moving parts. It is found in digital cameras, video game consoles and digital audio players. You can use it in the form of USB Flash Drives to transfer or backup data. Flash memory is small, light and fast.

Backup Backup is the copying of files onto portable media so that if your computer crashes, data won't be lost in oblivion. Backup is usually routine in large businesses but is often neglected by individual users. Some suggest backing up data files and duplicating your hard drive weekly. It takes around 45 minutes to backup a 500-megabyte hard disk.

There are two options - local or Internet backup. The following is a list of Local backup options. Most of these also double as devices used to transfer data between computers.

• Diskettes
• Zip Drives
• CD's
• DVD's
• Flash Drive

Internet Backup Another backup option is sending your files to an Internet site for safekeeping. If your computer crashes you can simply download them from the site. Here are a few examples of such sites: Backup Defender (www.backupdefender.co.nz) and My Backup (www.mybackup.co.nz). N.B. The author does not recommend or endorse any of the above service providers.

Diskette A Diskette is a 3.5-inch removable magnetic disk. The older version, the floppy disk, is 5.25 inches square and flexible. Copying to a diskette is quick and economical.

Ideal for…

• Those who use their PC for personal finance - the diskette enables you to retrieve checkbook balances etc.
• Projects that need to be continuously backed up such as a film script, as it is a cheap alternative.

Not so good for…

• Some newer computer and laptop models that do not have a diskette or floppy drive installed.
• Large amounts of data as diskettes don't have a great storage capacity

Zip Drives A Zip drive is a small, square shaped magnetic disk that is ideal for backing up your PC. The 100-megabyte size holds the equivalent of 70 floppy diskettes. They also come in a 250-megabyte size

Ideal for…

• Duplicating your entire disc drive
• Archiving
• Storing graphic images or other large files
• Transferring large files
• Keeping certain data separate from files on your hard disk

The downside…

• They seem to be a fleeting technology - most computers do not have a Zip Disc drive installed and opinion varies on how long they will be around for.

Compact Disks There are different standards of CD's that have different capabilities. Just to confuse us they are recognized by seemingly similar acronyms; CD-R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DDCD and E-CD.

CD-R CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable) is a CD that can be recorded to only once. It usually holds 74 minutes of audio or 650 MB of data, although newer versions hold up to 80 minutes of audio (700 MB of data). If your PC has CD burning software and a compatible CD-R or CD-RW drive, the CD-R can be used in the same way as a diskette. However unlike a diskette it cannot be deleted or overwritten. Look out for CD-Rs that have an additional protective layer which make them less susceptible to damage caused through scratching.

Ideal for…

• Making music CD's
• Storing photos
• Storing permanent data

Not so good for…

• Transferring files as they can only be used once

CD-RW/CD+RW A CD-RW (Compact Disc Rewritable) and CD+RW can be recorded onto as many times as desired. Data can be overwritten and erased. Other than this, the CD-RW is identical to the CD-R. If it wasn't for their finite durability CD-RW's and CD+RW's could be reused endlessly.

Ideal for…

• Transferring files
• Holding temporary data

Not so good for…

• Holding important permanent files-in case they are accidentally deleted

Double Density CD (DDCD) This disc has a much greater storage capacity than an average CD-R or CD-RW.

Ideal for…

• Backing up
• Storing archival data

Enhanced CD Enhanced CD (E-CD) is an audio CD with CD-ROM data added. CD-ROM data is added in the space not taken by audio. Recording artists can use this to include videos, lyrics, interviews or promo material. The E-CD can be played on a CD player but to view additional material you need access to a multimedia-capable device, such as a CD-i player, DVD-ROM, or CD-ROM drive.

Bridge Disks A CD-Bridge disc holds extra information on a CD-ROM XA track. The disc can be played on either a CD-i player attached to a television, or a CD-ROM XA drive attached to a computer. Software such as Photo or a Karaoke CD player can provide lots of fun with the Bridge Disk.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) Although DVD's have become more associated with video, they can also hold audio and computer data; hence their name Digital Versatile Disk. Like the CD, a DVD is a 120-mm by 1.2mm thick disk. However the DVD has more tracks than a CD so holds far more data. CD's have an unvarying storage capacity of 750MB, whereas DVD's store up to 17GB.

A range of acronyms is also used to distinguish between the different types and capabilities of DVD's available. These include DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-Audio.

DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc - Read Only Memory) is similar to a movie DVD, but is designed for computers. The DVD-ROM stores data in the same way that the CD-ROM does and is used in the DVD-ROM drive of your PC.

The upside…

• Larger storage space – hold more data than a CD
• Can be filled with nearly everything; video, music or computer specific data
• A base speed of 1.32 megabytes/sec

The downside…

• Many older computers do not have a DVD-Rom drive installed
• Can be recorded on only once

DVD-Audio DVD-Audio (DVD-A) is designed for audio data and high-quality music. Its storage capacity is seven times that of a CD and provides at least twice the sound quality. Like the Enhanced CD, DVD-A can contain other data, providing the listener with extra information such as lyrics or images. DVD-A is predicted by many to replace the standard audio CD in the music industry.

DVD-R Like the CD-R, the DVD-R (Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable) can be recorded on once.

The upside…

• A DVD-R can contain an assortment of information; video, text, audio and computer data
• A DVD-R can be played on your normal DVD video player but remember, if you have additional data not of the same format e.g. video and audio together, you will need a DVD-ROM or Multimedia player of some kind
• A DVD-R is read at the same speed as commercially made DVD's

DVD-RW and DVD+RW Similar to the CD-RW, a DVD-RW or DVD+RW (Digital Versatile Disc – Rewritable) can be recorded on, rewritten and erased multiple times. Other than this they are identical to the DVD-R. DVD minus and plus are just different versions with the same functionality.

The Future of CD/DVD Storage The majority of the technology industry predicts that soon DVD's, with their larger storage capacity and faster access time, will replace CD's. DVD-ROM drives are likely to be sold with new computer systems in the way that CD-ROM drives once were. However we are always on the cusp of newer technologies, such as the HD-ROM.

HD-ROM (High Density-Read Only Memory) HD-ROM uses a more precise particle beam to write data. This enables information to be written on more durable materials such as metal so storage is virtually permanent. HD-ROM has hundreds of times the storage capacity of the CD-ROM.

Flash Drives A Flash drive is a small portable memory stick that holds anywhere from 1Mb to 1GB of data. It is surprisingly lightweight and is often worn around the neck or carried as a funky key chain. They are compatible with any PC that has USB port and with Mac OS 9 and OS X, Windows 2000 and XP or Linux 2.4.17.

The upside…

• Durable - more so than CD's or DVD's
• No need for batteries or a separate power source
• Convenient - your computer should recognize the additional drive as soon as you insert it into the USB port
• Ideal for backup
• Larger storage capacity then many other portable devices
• More portable than ZIP drives, CD's and Diskettes
• Quick transfer rate (approx. 1Mb/sec)
• Edit, rewrite, delete as many times as desired
• Help desk personnel can use Flash Drives as a portable toolkit that includes system updates and recovery tools.

The downside…

• More expensive than other portable devices
• Viruses - The portability and compatibility of the Flash Drive increases the chance of spreading viruses. In many cases viruses carried by a Flash Drive will not be detected as most antivirus software is reactive and only recognizes known viruses
• Theft - a Flash Drive can make it easier for data to be stolen from an unlocked PC
• Little Security - the size and weight of the Flash drive makes it very easy to misplace. Most have little or no security features and data is accessed easily. Some Flash Drives do have built in security; either a password or in some cases a finger print system - but this comes at a price.

Article by David Haysom. David is the eCommerce Manager for OfficeRocket http://www.officerocket.co.nz/. OfficeRocket is an online store that offers a wide range of office supplies including computer data storage media.

You Will Need To Change A Toner Cartridge Because

Writen by David Skul

1. Your printer implicates that toner is not full enough to print. Note: Low toner generally implies you can print a couple hundred extra pages without a problem.

2. The pages turning out of the printer appearance withered or washed out.

3. The pages develop a repeating shortcoming of some variety.

4. Users are able of and required to be capable to change toner in black and white printers. Note: Color printers are harder so if you are diffident of how to change color toner ring the helpdesk and they will usually help you.

First thing you will want to realize is what model of printer you develop.

This might be scripted on the printer somewhere, there are two names that you will likely find on the printer, one is the name of the printer. The other is the model name . You may want the model name.

With this information, most stores might be capable to tell you which exchange toner cartridge to apply. Note: If there is a nuiscance identifying which exchange to employ call the printer manufacturers helpdesk. Supply them your serial number and they will make sure you have the replenishment toner cartridge that you should.

Utilize the following process to replace the toner cartridge

1. Take the new cartridge back to the printer and take the fresh toner cartridge from the package.

2. Power the printer off.

3. Open the toner cover on the printer.

4. dislodge the old toner by extracting and away from the printer. Note:It should come to low to print with only a modest amount of pressure

5. dislodge the new toner from its bag, remove the protective strip from the cartridge. Note: This is a small tab on the side of the cartridge that is bound to a plastic strip.

If you do not dislodge this strip the printer will only print blank sheets. Attend to stay away from getting the toner on you once you rip off the strip. Spilled toner is best cleansed up with a dry textile. If you splatter any toner on yourself you can wash it off with cold water

6. Place the new cartridge into the printer the like way the old unit came to low to print Note:there will be arrows or other prompts to help you line up the cartridge right and itt had better glide in with minimal force. If it does not glide in easily, make sure you develop the cartridge aligned right and that you are using the correct cartridge

7. Once you develop the cartridge sat down all they way in place then close the toner cover.

8. Power the printer back on.

9. Print a couple of test pages

If the prints appearance wonderful, you are just about done, bundle the old toner cartridge in the pack the new toner came in and Give it to the recycler. Most palce get a credit for the old cartridges. Now you are finished.

If there is a problem with the trial pages, some cartridges are refurbished and sometimes the cartridges can be faulty. If you see runs, duplicated flaws, bleached out pages or extra defects that did not survive before you changed, toner it will be because of a issue with the toner cartridge. Try acquiring another new cartridge, installing that cartridge, and printing occasionally trial pages. If the printouts are uninfected, then the First cartridge is a blemish, return it to the supplier for credit.

If each new toner cartridges appear to develop problems call up the manufacturers helpdesk. There is in all likelihood something improper with the printer. Please Note: Toner cartridges are light sensitive if you are resorting to leave them to low to print of the package or printer for extra than a couple of minutes please cover them to stop breakage.

Visit one of the most fact filled toner cartridge resources on the web.

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Discount Dell Laptops

Writen by Jimmy Sturo

Recent additions to Dell's computer services division include low-cost used Dell laptop computers. These machines are generally sufficient for the Internet, e-mail, and word processing. One advantage is that, unlike other used Dell computers purchased from a friend or local computer shop, each computer stocked has received a complete inspection by certified computer technicians and has been restored and tested to like-new condition.

Dell guarantees that each used Dell GX110 computer purchased directly from them will be in perfect working condition. Dell supports this guarantee statement by providing each used Dell GX110 computer along with a 30-day replacement warranty. Also, a keyboard, mouse, and power cord are included with each purchase.

Each of these computer systems are formatted but are without an operating system but a preinstalled licensed copy of any Windows operating system is available at an additional cost. Dell also provides these in wholesale lots.

Most of these discount computers contain Pentium III - 866 MHz, 10GB+ hard drive, 128MB memory, integrated video, sound, LAN along with a keyboard, mouse, power cord.

The Dell Computer Corporation has also recently announced up to 10 percent price cuts on selected configurations of its LatitudeTM notebook. The Latitude notebooks provide manageability, reliability, and performance for business and institutional customers in networked environments.

Dell also provides excellent coupon codes that can help to save even more money on their already low priced computers, printers, monitors and accessories. In addition to Dell's online coupon codes, they occasionally provide stackable coupons that allow the customers to use more than one coupon at a time. Stackable Dell coupons are marked to avoid confusion. Be sure to read the price points of the Dell coupons a number of times so as to qualify for an even greater discount if using the most appropriate coupon. Please study the rules and restrictions to check if they can be bought for the required purpose.

Refurbished Dell computers sold directly by Dell are excellent systems with good warranties. However, their prices tend to run a bit on the high side. Click on the button "REFURBISHED SYSTEMS" on their navigation bar to go to the Dell Outlet.

Discount Laptops provides detailed information about discount laptops, discount laptop batteries, and more. Discount Laptops is affiliated with Live Spy Cam.

Ink Refill Kits The Economical And Environmentally Friendly Way To Reduce Printing Cost

Writen by Kwan Lo

Inkjet printing is the most popular printing technology for home users and small businesses. Inkjet printers are versatile, inexpensive and produce good printing quality. The price of inkjet printers has dropped considerably over the past few years but the cost of replacement ink cartridges remains extremely high.

To reduce the printing cost, consumers are looking for cheap alternatives. There are many options available, such as compatible / generic cartridges or remanufactured / refurbished cartridges. But the most economical and environmentally friendly way is to use the ink refill kits.

For example, a typical name brand replacement cartridge costs $20-30. The price of a dual refill kit is only $10, which can refill the ink cartridge twice. That means consumers can save 75-80% buying one refill kit instead of two new cartridges. Refilling old cartridges is also good for the environment. It saves landfill space to dispose used cartridges and extra resources to produce new cartridges.

Most people can refill the cartridges themselves. One customer was quoted saying "It is not difficult at all, I just follow the instructions and my ink cartridge is good as new in 10 minutes". Nevertheless, some precautions should be taken when refilling your own ink cartridges.

In general, the cartridge should be refilled before it has run out of ink. If printing continues after the ink has run dry, the cartridge's nozzle may burn out and be permanently damaged. Once the nozzle is damaged, it is impossible to reuse the cartridge. In addition, refilling the cartridge with too much ink can also cause it to overflow or uneven absorption of ink into the sponge, resulting in ink leakage and poor print output.

Kwan H Lo is the owner of http://inkjets.4reviews.net, an online review site promoting high quality discount ink and toner cartridge.

Why Using Compatible Printer Inks And Ink Refill Kits Is A Smart Consumer Choice

Writen by Carla Weaffer

Many consumers make use of a consumer printer in addition to a personal computer for a number of reasons. With the purchase of a consumer printer also comes the need to purchase replacement printer ink cartridges as the ink runs out of the cartridge you are currently using. Replacement printer ink cartridges that are purchased from printer manufacturers can often cause quite an expense for consumers. Many manufacturer-made replacement printer ink cartridges can even surpass the purchase price of the printer they are used with. This is why buying compatible printer inks is a wise consumer choice. There are many ways why using compatible printer ink cartridges can be beneficial.

The main reason that using compatible printer ink cartridges and inkjet refill kits appeals to many consumers is that it will save you money. Individuals will find that more often than not a compatible printer ink cartridge will be less of an expense than the purchase a replacement printer ink cartridge from a printer manufacturer. Inkjet refill kits is also a great money saving option for consumer printer owners that may be on a budget or those that just like saving some money. An ink refill kit can greatly extend the life of a printer ink cartridge if the cartridge is refilled before the ink cartridge is completely empty.

Another great benefit to purchasing an inkjet refill kit or a compatible printer in cartridge is that they are extremely easy to purchase. Most consumers very much appreciate that they can order a compatible printer ink cartridge online for a great price and have it delivered right to their front doorstep.

The quality of the print job a compatible printer ink cartridge can provide you with is another great reason to use compatible printer inks. If you have purchased a good quality compatible printer ink the quality of the print work should be equal to an ink cartridge purchase from a printer manufacturer.

If you are an ecologically conscious consumer you will appreciate that compatible printer ink cartridges and ink refill kits decrease the amount of solid waste dumped into landfills each year as the can be reused several times. Also if you wish to purchase compatible printer ink cartridges or refill kits in bulk if you buy a good quality ink you will not have to worry about the future print jobs you printer will produce as the ink should store quite well. This option is can be found to be a real money saver with a lot of consumers.

There are very few models of printers that will not work with compatible inkjet printers so you would not have to worry about limited choice when looking into buying a printer you can use compatible printer inks with. Deciding to use compatible printer ink cartridges instead of replacement ink cartridges from a manufacturer can provide you with high quality print work at a much more reasonable price. So keep all of this useful information about compatible printer inks in mind as soon as you begin shopping for a new printer or your current printer is in need of new ink.

Carla Weaffer manages a business supplying Epson compatible printer inks. This article is brought to you in conjunction with Web Design Liverpool and UK Therapy Directory. It is free to republish within the boundaries of the terms and conditions of the source. The content and resource box must remain unchanged and all hyperlinks active.

Cpu Guide Detailed Information About The Cpu Of A Computer

Writen by Donny Duncan

CPU - Central Processing Unit

The brain of the computer. A lot of people like to call the entire computer case the CPU, but actually, the CPU is a tiny chip connected directly to the motherboard, with a big fan connected directly to it. Without the fan, the CPU would burn up very quickly.

There are two primary brands of CPU on the market right now, Intel & AMD. A better of the two is hard to state, but you can check Toms Hardware for more in depth hardware reviews.

One thing to note about CPU's is that you can't just slap any CPU into any Motherboard. The Motherboard must support your specific CPU, which can make upgrades very hairy, so typically, if you're going to upgrade one, it's a good idea to upgrade the other. See more on Motherboards on the Motherboard page.

There are also two different types of CPU's, socket and slot. Socket snaps directly into the motherboard, with a fan directly attached, while slot has a casing which holds the CPU, with a fan connected to the casing. Again, there really is no better of the two, but Socket is becoming more common, and is generally easier to keep cool, which is a BIG factor in CPU's at higher speeds.

CPU speeds are rated in Megahertz (Mhz), up to 1000, then they are referred to as Gigahertz (Ghz). One major misconception regarding CPU's is that the bigger the number (the megahertz/gigahertz), the faster the CPU. While this is generally true, there are several other factors that effect the overall speed of the CPU.

Front Side Bus - Regulates the speed of communication between the Ram and the CPU

Onboard Cache - Comparable to Ram, except used strictly by the CPU to speed up calculations

So the next time you're shopping for CPU's, remember to not only look at the CPU speed, but check out the other factors most people don't generally notice. When buying a CPU, it's very important to know what you need it for. Most basic users only need internet and some word processing and basic picture editing. Using Windows XP (since it's the most common home Operating System right now) 2.0 Ghz should be your minimum. This speed is just right for these basic functions, and should be fast enough to last a while, and most of all, it is very cheap.

One thing to note here is that the price difference between the 2.0 Ghz and the upper 2.x Ghz CPU's (like 2.6 or 2.9) is so slight that you might be better off to get the one slightly higher to last longer over time.

I do NOT suggest buying the fastest cpu on the market, ever.. simply because what you pay six hundred dollars or more for now, will be only a few hundred dollars in a couple of months, and this will always be true as long as cpu speeds keep increasing.

This article taken from Computer Discounts Guide - CPU Guide . View the website for more helpful guides.

Donny Duncan, the author of Computer Discounts Guide has been in the computer field for over thirteen years.

Lexmark Printer Cartridges Home Printing Ideas

Writen by Martin Smith

Lexmark printer cartridges are among the most well-known manufacturers of printers. Lexmark utilizes a two cartridge printing system. The color cartridge is a CMY-cayan, magenta, and yellow cartridge. The black cartridge is simply black. How long they last will depend on the volume of printing you will be doing.

There is a wide variety of things you can do with your PC with appropriate applications and your Lexmark printer and ink cartridges. You can create very professional business presentations including but not limited to graphs, charts, spreadsheets and databases. You can create your own business cards as well.

You can create a scrapbook. You can get inspiration from almost anywhere such as sports, birthdays, weddings, and births. Templates are available from the internet. Clip art is a great way to add to the decoration of scrapbook pages. You can make frames, backgrounds, borders, and/or journaling.

Photo albums can be created as well using your Lexmark cartridges. To get the highest quality photos use photo print paper which is specially designed to print photos. You will need your Lexmark printer and its cartridges. Take your own pictures, develop them and you can document your pictures with built in text options. You will need to have a digital camera with a memory card. Take your pictures and save them to a memory card. The memory card is then inserted into the photo printer to print out your photos. To get the best quality photos you should use photo paper- the output will be enhanced.

Are you a writer? You can self-publish your own book. You will need your PC and as mentioned the appropriate applications and your printer. You should use high quality paper in standard and/or specialty larger sizes depending on the size of the book. If you are going to design your own cover you need high-quality card stock paper. You will need a hot glue gun for binding your book.

Another fun project to do with your Lexmark cartridges and your PC is creating your own family cookbook. You will want to get various colors of printer paper, for example if it's a Thanksgiving cookbook, you might choose Autumn colors. Gather your favorite family recipes together and giving credit to the person who submitted them print them up on recipe cards you create with your pc and printer. You can also print them up on quality paper and put them in a decorated binder. You will need the following your pc and printer, assorted colored paper, laminating paper, a three-hole punch, adhesive reinforcements, and a glue stick. The paper should be acid free because it will reduce the yellowing and aging of the paper. You will also need a one inch hard covered binder. A digital camera is optional but if you want to take pictures of the dishes you have received it would certainly help. The greater the pixels the greater the capacity of the camera. One with a memory card is best.

The projects are numerous that can be created with Lexmark cartridges and your pc. As mentioned before any paper you buy should be acid free as should the glue stick. Experiment and have fun with it.

Martin Smith is a successful freelance writer providing advice for consumers on purchasing a variety of Printer Reviews if you have time drop by his site for some tips and information.

Installing A Pci Wireless Card

Writen by Lee Asher

Installing a PCI wireless card might seem like a bit of an adventure -- after all, you have to open the case, find where to put the thing, close it again... and then you have to deal with the software! Even if you've never opened your computer before, though, you shouldn't have too much trouble with it if you follow this simple 10 step guide.

Step 1: Look at the Manual. Yes, I know it seems like a dull thing to do, but you really need to at least skim the manual for things if you're going to go putting them in your computer. It's much better to do it now than to realise afterwards that you missed an essential step in the installation. A few cards, for example, require you to install the software before installing the card -- do this now if you need to.

Step 2: Switch the Computer Off. Before you even think about opening the computer, you've got to switch it off. You should use the 'Shut Down' option to make sure that the computer will start fresh next time, and wait for it to shut down completely.

Step 3: Unplug the Computer. To be safe, you should disconnect the computer from the power supply now. If there is anything connected to the computer, you should unplug that from the power too, as well as unplugging the wires from the back of the computer. If you're nervous that you won't remember which wire goes where when it's time to put them back again, you could draw a diagram before you start this step. Most modern computers have a matching color coding system on the rear panel. Pink goes to pink, green to green etc.

Step 4: Remove the Case. To avoid damaging your computer's parts or electrocuting yourself, you should be wearing an anti-static wristband (also known as a ground strap) whenever you open your computer. If you're not sure how to get the case off, consult your computer's manual. It's usually just a matter of unscrewing, though -- but make sure you keep the screws somewhere where they won't get lost.

Step 5: When the cover is removed, the first thing to do is to locate the PCI slots on your motherboard, different motherboards have different amounts of PCI slots, for example you may already have a PCI card installed, in which case just choose an empty slot to install your new PCI card. PCI slots are long, rectangular slots inside the computer. Some of the available PCI slots might be used by existing modems or Ethernet cards. If there's no space for your new wireless card, then you might need to remove some of this old equipment.

Step 6: Insert the PCI Card. If you're using a PCI slot that hasn't been used before, you'll need to unscrew the piece of metal filling the gap in the back of the computer created by there being no card there. Make sure you store this piece in a safe place, in case you ever need it again.

When you insert the PCI card into the slot, do it as carefully as you can. Try not to touch any of the circuits on the card. Once it's in the slot, you will need to press firmly, but don't use too much force. You should also make sure that you point the wireless card's antenna upwards.

Step 7: Close the Case. Just do what you did in step 4 in reverse -- put it all back together.

Step 8: Plug In and Start. You need to plug your computer back in and start it. If you don't want to re-attach all your cables right now, you will at least need to plug in the keyboard, mouse and monitor. Many people are scared when they turn on their computer again after installing a PCI card and it doesn't work -- only to find that the error was caused by them not reconnecting their keyboard! When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card automatically, it will then prompt you for the driver disk/cd that came with your card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions.

Step 9: Install Drivers and Software. Once the computer's done starting, it should notice it has some new hardware. This is when you should insert the CD that came with the card, and leave Windows to do its thing. If everything's gone to plan, the PCI card should be set up automatically. If things don't happen automatically, try inserting the CD before you panic.

Step 10: Configure Your Network. Your PCI wireless card gives your computer a permanent wireless connection. The first time you use it, you should be asked which wireless network you want to connect to. Choose your wireless network from the list, and you're ready to go!

Information supplied and written by Lee Asher of http://Eclipse Domain Services.com
Domain Names, Hosting, Traffic and Email Solutions.

Drop On Demand Printers

Writen by Bill Smith

Most HP and Epson printers are drop on demand printers. They use electrical pulses to fulfill requests for ink. The ink is expelled out of the print head by a bubble which forms as a reaction to being heated. Once the ink is propelled out of the cartridge, the bubble cools, contracts, and forms a vacuum of sorts, which pulls more ink into the nozzle.

HP DeskJets and BubbleJets are popular examples of printers that use this technology.

Epson printers work on the same principal with the exception of a minor twist – they use a transducer to produce the droplets in what is referred to as piezoelectric DOD.

So what about the ink – does it matter what kind you buy as a replacement?

The answer is yes, it does matter.

The ingredients that go into ink play a huge role in the quality of your printouts. All ink manufactures work to strike the delicate balance between print quality, time it takes to dry, and nozzle performance. As you might have guessed, as the print quality improves, the dry time increases.

Manufacturers have to be careful that the ink does not dry too quickly – there is the danger that it will actually dry on the nozzle. This can ruin your print head, definitely clogging up your nozzle, and reducing the print quality.

Bill Smith is an expert on printers. Read more about printer and ink at http://www.buythebestbuy.com

Graphic Cards How To Choose The Best

Writen by Garry Allen

Do you remember the old computing days when there were no sounds except for maybe a beep occasionally and printers making more noise than a cat on a scratching post or how about monitors that offered nothing more than a green or orange glow?

Well, I do! Thank goodness those days are nothing more than history and now we can enjoy the glow of our high resolution monitors that offers us life-like images on a daily basis. We no longer have to squint at some fuzzy displays but can enjoy almost picture perfect animation on the majority of websites.

Now, these images are nothing more than a mass of barely visible dots, known as pixels, and monitors today can display more than a million pixels but it's up to the computer to interpret how to allocate these pixels in order to create an actual image.

This interpretation process happens on the graphics card and these cards can be upgraded. In fact, many users are tempted to look for the latest and greatest (or should I say expensive) card out there, but there is a better way for choosing just the right graphics card for the job? Here are a few helpful solutions that will help you to determine which the best graphics card for your computer is.

First, before you go out and buy the latest graphic card because you think you need it consider what you will be doing with your computer. If you don't expect to do much more than some internet surfing, some word processing, maybe using your email or doing some chat room or forum activities. Then you most likely won't need any additional graphics support than what will most likely be found on the motherboard with integrated graphic capabilities.

But, if you do plan to work with graphic arts or plan to play a lot of games on your computer you will definitely need to get a graphics card that has a lot of memory as well as a high-speed processor.

A tool you may wish to use is the frame rate measurement which is often a major advertising component for the different graphic cards that are available. Basically this rate refers to the measurement of frames per second or FPS which is nothing more than the rate of complete images a graphic card will display in one second. Now, High end cards will display more than 60 FPS (which by the way is more than twice the amount the human eye can process per second) and therefore provides the illusion of animation and animated scrolling.

If you are going to be doing a lot of graphic work then you will not be contented with the FPS rating. As anyone that does any 3-D imaging on the computer will tell you, FPS will actually do very little to measure the worth of a graphics card for them. In actuality 3-D images are nothing more than triangles, and graphic cards catering to the graphic artist demographic offer a rating that calculates how quickly the card can calculate the triangles and build the frame image.

One thing that really is a concern of everyone is speed. All graphic cards speed is directly influenced by their hardware. If the clock speed and bit rate are low on your computer, then the card will operate much slower than if it were high. In addition the pre-existing hardware also plays a critical role. A high- end graphics card cannot make up for an otherwise outmoded computer system, and a low end computer processor or motherboard will counteract the speed of even the fastest graphics card.

It is apparent that upgrading a graphics card is not so simple a task, and remember bigger is not always better. If you have a somewhat out of date system, it may be a useless attempt to only upgrade your graphics card, since your system most likely will work against any speed increase your card may be able to offer you. In the same way if your needs are very simple (in computing terms) then it might not be worthwhile to spend a lot of money on a graphics card that you will not use to its fullest potential. Hence it is always wise to know what you will require prior to buying, and to be fully aware of your systems hardware and software configurations prior to adding a new component to the mix.

Garry Allen is a successful Webmaster and publisher of Best-Rated-Laptops-and-Computers.info. Providing you with more information on computer technology and answering the question what's the best rated laptop that you can research in your bathrobe on his website.

Purchasing A Power Supply Unit For Your Computer

Writen by Jason Busch

In a related article The PSU Factor, I said that it is inevitable a PSU purchase is looming on the horizon. The reason being, your current PSU is probably a few years old, it came with your computer system you bought online at a great price, and you have no idea what the specs are. Taking into consideration your computer manufacturer more than likely had a reliable power supply as being LAST on their list, or not on their list at all, pretty much guarantees something is about to happen shortly you won't like.

The PSU Explosion

Over the last few years, the number of manufacturers producing power supply units have increased almost exponentially. If the company makes computer fans or computer cases, chances are they also manufacture PSUs. This makes for a confusing market for the consumer because of the massive selection of power supplies and the varying differences in the quality of those power supplies.

Determine What You Need

Before you begin any type of shopping for a PSU, find the amount of power required which your computer system is currently using. If you plan on upgrading your computer system and will be using the power supply, then it is wise to forecast the wattage for your future computer system. One particular way of determining this, is using an online PSU wattage calculator. The one I reference, eXtreme PSU Calculator, is in my opinion, the best one found online so far, and takes into account many of the latest systems such as dual- and quad-processors, overclocking, SCSI, SATA, and much more. In addition to the eXtreme PSU Calculator, eXtreme Outer Vision's website is also a great place to go for other calculators relating to other aspects of your PC.

Once you have a general idea of how much wattage your computer system will need, the amperage and the number of rails provided need to be determined.

Rails, Wattage And Amperage

Knowing the total amount of watts your system requires is certainly a good thing, but what's even more important, is knowing how many amps the PSU will provide, and on what rails the amperage will be distributed. The most important rail is the 12V line. Today's motherboards, processors, graphics cards, hard drives, and other components, use the 12V line. The 5V line is not so important anymore and computers built several years ago use them. When you see a 500W PSU, and notice there are 50A on the 5V line, then this should tell you there will be problems. Why? Because that's 250W which is basically available for your entire computer system--but it cannot use it because the newer PC components require a 12V line. So, now you're talking about 250W remaining that is actually usable. Puts things into perspective, doesn't it. Your 500W "SLi Ready" or "High Performance" PSU is far less than what the outside of the box says it is.

Be sure your 12V rail has enough amps to support your system. How do you know what the proper amount of amps should be? Well, suppose you find out after entering in all your component information in a PSU calculator, you come up with 625W. Take 625 and divide this by 12, which will give you the amps. This gives you 58A which should be on the 12V rails exclusively. You might also find it interesting to take manufacturer's PSU wattage claims and then divide them by 12 and see how many amps are actually offered on the 12V rails versus how much you need.

The Rails

When discussing a PSU or reading an article/post about power supplies and especially figuring out which PSU to purchase, the term rails will more than likely come up. A rail is basically the voltage output of a PSU, and there can be several voltage outputs. Ideally, there should be separate rails for hard drives, graphics cards, and CD/DVD drives. Why? Well, because if you have only one "rail" delivering power to all of these components, the power will be split up between all of these components. This is not the preferred method of power current delivery because all of these components have different requirements. One faulty device could send off a chain reaction to other devices since the power is being distributed through one cable. So, finding a power supply with separate rails and their own separate power current for specific devices, is what to look for.

Temperature, Temperature, Temperature!

All this preparation and know-how is great, but unfortunately, we still have to be careful when looking at the specs of power supplies. Many manufacturers are now competing with legitimate ones by simply changing a very important factor of PSU specs: the temperature the PSU was tested at when the specs were taken. Currently, only one PSU manufacturer tests their PSUs at realistic temps, which are tested at 50°C. The manufacturer is PC Power & Cooling, Inc. You've probably heard of them mentioned as the most serious PSU manufacturer, the most upfront and direct when it comes to dispelling the myths of PSUs, and you've probably noticed their products are not for the squeemishly budget-minded either. One thing is certain, if you want to avoid future troubleshooting of your PSU, PCP&C are the people you should get to know. They publish their 50°C temperature specifications on every PSU and are not hiding behind the withholding of such information.

Changes Are Needed

I will say for the record we need the latest ATX specifications to be more strict on testing conditions. Currently, the testing conditions can be anywhere from 10°C (50°F) to 50°C (122°F). I don't know about you, but the inside of my computer case is rarely 10°C (50°F). And even if it was, I don't want a power supply to be rated by the coolest my computer has been or could be, I want the PSU to be rated at the HOTTEST my computer has been or might be if I have it running full throttle. Makes sense, right? When you buy tires for a sports car, those tire ratings aren't for driving at 20MPH speeds in a School Zone.

Are Cheap PSUs Bad?

Actually, no. It really depends on what you're going to use the PSU with. However, more and more claims of "Sli Ready", "SLi Certified", and "High Performance" paired with 600W-700W PSUs selling for only $150, the marketing is clear: You don't have to spend a lot of money for a high-end PSU to power your high-end computer. Nothing could be further from the truth. But as we should know, classic marketing has always told the consumer you can get something for just about nothing. And as we should know, the consumer ends up losing down the road for the cheap purchase.

If you don't have or plan on purchasing two video graphics cards, two processors on your motherboard, don't overclock, and basically just use your PC for checking email, then yes, a $50 PSU would probably suffice. However, if you're thinking you can get a cheap PSU to power your high-end system, it just isn't going to happen. Well, it will happen--it just won't happen the way you intended it to happen. You spent all that money on video cards, a performance motherboard, high-end memory, and yet for some reason you're skimping on a PSU--a component which is literally the "heart" of your computer system. Please don't. Spending a few hundred dollars on a PSU is a wise investment.

Conclusion

The biggest factor you should take from this article is making sure you know the testing temperature of the PSU you are planning to buy. Chances are, the manufacturer will quote you 25°C at best, when it should be 35°C-40°C at the least. If a manufacturer doesn't tell you, refuses to give direct answers, or doesn't get back with you, then it is best advised to not buy that product.

An inexpensive PSU can still be a viable solution if you don't have a lot of components which require a massive amount of power. So, if you do have a basic computer system and don't plan on expanding or adding a lot of components, then an inexpensive PSU might be your best purchase initially. However, be aware there is no guarantee on the reliability and your computer system could suffer.

©2006 by Jason Busch (DigitalDingus)

Purchasing A Power Supply Unit For Your Computer

A part of The DigitalDingus Guide To Computers & Hardware series.

Building A Computer Advice To The Beginner

Writen by Michael Quarles

A good computer "build" must be based on knowledge and planning. If there is one piece of advice I can give to the prospective builder, it is to learn all you can, and use the knowledge you gain to plan your computer as throughly as possible. This is the key to a smooth, satisfying experience, resulting in a computer that works exactly as you want.

The knowledge you need may be acquired through several routes. There is an almost unlimited number of websites offering information about building computers. If you prefer books, there are guides written at almost every level, from beginners, to something an engineer would have to puzzle over.

Most important is that your information be recent. Computer building has gone through many changes in only the last few years, so that a text five years old is almost hopelessly out of date. It is not that simply chips and motherboards and such have improved, the very techniques of assembly have changed. Many steps have been streamlined and simplified, giving today’s builder a much easier time than when I first took up this pursuit.

To me, the most enjoyable part of building a computer is the planning stage, where I can select the features I want to accomplish whatever job the computer is intended for. I experiment mentally with different combinations of motherboard, CPU, graphics card, and all the rest, trying to get it all right on paper before I ever commit a dollar of money, or a minute of time to an actual build. I believe if you follow this approach you’ll find your problems fewer, and your rewards far greater.

Michael Quarles is the author of Building a PC for Beginners.

Buying A Computer Vs Building Your Own

Writen by Jared Strop

First of all, pre-built computers come with some parts you don't want or need as well as useless software. On the other hand, building a computer lets you decide exactly what to put in it and what to install on your computer. That helps out by freeing the hard drive, but sometimes computer companies have great deals on their software bundles. If you know somebody that has the software, don't bother buying a pre-built computer. You can just use his/hers for free (unless they charge you haha).

Secondly, building a computer is usually cheaper since you don't pay for labor. All you do is pick out the parts you want in the computer, put them together, and install your software. It's really not as hard as you think it is and you'll save some cash doing it. One the other hand, if you are absolutely lost when it comes to computers, then you should probably just buy one. Building a computer isn't hard, but it's much easier if you have a basic understanding of computers.

Thirdly, there is no warranty when you build computers. Since it doesn't come from a manufacturer, there will be no damage protection for it. If something goes wrong, you'll have to replace the parts. The bad news? Well, you'll have to spend some money to get it fixed. The good news? It'll usually happen after 2 years which means it needed to be upgraded anyway. The warranties by Dell or Gateway aren't free and they will charge you even more if you want it for 2-4 years and during that time, you can not upgrade your computer yourself or else you'll void the warranty.

So if you like do-it-yourself projects or love complete control over your computer, building a computer is for you. If you don't even want to think about it or think you might need a warranty, then buying a computer would be best for you.

Jared Strop has been using a computer for as long as he can remember and now is a dedicated webmaster. He created a site called http://www.gaming-computers-authority.com to help people with building computers and even recommendations on computer parts.

Pic Micro Hardware Programming Methods

Writen by John Main

There are three ways to program a PIC microcontroller

1. Using normal programming hardware (high volt programming HVP).
2. Low volt programming (LVP).
3. Bootloading.

The first two methods use the programming port of the PIC microcontroller labeled ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming).

This port is shared between the existing pins of the microcontroller and after programming the pins revert back to normal microcontroller operation.

Note: To make ICSP work correctly you have to consider the effects and requirements of the ICSP programmer e.g. for HVP a high voltage exists at the Vpp pin (your circuit must be able to handle the high voltage - up to 13V). Also the loading for the other signals PGC and PGD must not be too high i.e. don't put an LED on these pins that uses 20mA - if you did the voltage levels would not be high enough at the inputs to the PIC for programming.

It's fairly easy to design for ICSP use by using isolation resistors to normal circuitry and choosing not to use heavy loads on these pins.

ICSP provides 6 connections from the pic ICSP programmer to your board as follows :

VPP - (or MCLRn) Programming voltage (usually 13V).
Vcc - Power (usually 5V).
GND Ground (zero volts).
PGD - Data usual port and connection RB7.
PGC - Clock usual port and connection RB6.
PGM - LVP enable usual port and connection RB3/RB4.

PIC Micro: High Volt Programming

To use the first method a hardware interface is needed or 'PIC programmer' to interface between the programming software (usually running on the PC) and the PIC chip. This hardware takes its information from the PC via one of three interfaces either:

• The RS232 COM port
• The Parallel port
• The USB port

You choose the interface you want to use and then choose an appropriate PIC programmer. The PC then communicates with the hardware generating the serial (ICSP) signals to translate the PIC hex file into a serial data stream suitable for the target microcontroller.

Note: Almost all PIC microcontrollers use the ICSP interface so once you have a HVP you can program virtually any PIC microcontroller. e.g. you can program 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877(A), 18F2550, 18F452 etc.

There are several programs for programming PIC micos e.g. ICPROG and many different hardware programmers.

PIC Micro: Low volt programming (LVP)

LVP is exactly the same as HVP except:

• The Vpp voltage is set to the normal supply voltage.
• The PGM pin indicates programming mode.

Note: In this mode you can not use the PGM pin for anything else it is dedicated solely to LVP control.

Devices are manufactured with PGM mode enabled and the only way to turn off the PGM mode is to program it using an HVP programmer.

Note: Some PIC microcontrollers can only use the HVP method since for the LVP method you have to sacrifice one pin - PGM - (to tell the PIC Micro either that it is being programmed (high volts e.g. 5V) or that it is not being programmed (0V) ) and some PIC micros only have 8 pins e.g. 12F675. For this chip the PGM pin is not available so HVP is the only way.

The real benefit of using the LVP mode is that you can program several PIC Micros on a board without having to individually program each one - you could daisy chain each extra micro to a master micro which would then program each one in turn - and this is only possible since the Vpp signal is a normal logic level in LVP mode.

PIC Micro: Bootloading

Bootloading uses any available interface to load a program into program memory. It requires a bootstrap program to interpret the interface data and translate it into program memory instructions.

Note: Note only the newer devices that are capable of programming their own memory can use this method.

Typically a serial port is used for bootloading and the PIC micro bootstrap program will wait for a set time after power up listening on the serial port for a reserved word that tells the bootstrap program to start i.e. it listens for sequence of characters that is not normally used on the interface

Once it receives this sequence it enters bootstrap mode where a hex file is transmitted to the microcontroller over the interface. It interprets this and programs the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.

There are two issues with this method:

1. You have to program the bootstrap code using HVP or LVP.
2. It uses up some of the microcontroller resources.

Once programed it provides a convenient way of using the device as you won't need programming hardware anymore and one major benefit is that you can re-program a device without undoing the equipment e.g. if you boxed up you project you could still re-program it using the serial port!

You can find more information from the website here and how to build a website like it here.

Copyright © John Main 2006 Free to distribute if the article is kept complete. http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com

Optimize Your Computer For Peak Performance

Writen by Lanard Perry

Is your computer running slower than ever? Does it crash a lot?

If so it might be because advertisers have loaded it up with Spy and Adaware without your knowledge.

"Spyware" is a common term for files that are installed on your system that allow companies to monitor your Internet activity.

"Adaware" is software that will show you pop up ads over and over. These files can be extremely dangerous to your PC and could cause major problems.

They track the websites you visit, items that you buy online, the emails you send and your Instant Message dialogues. In a worst case scenario they can even record your credit card number, personal identification numbers, and all of your passwords.

I know all of this because I learned the hard way. Fortunately, I never had any personal data stolen, at least that I'm aware of. But every now and then, when least expected, my computer would crash, sometimes resulting in days of lost activity and income.

It seems like I spent a small fortune fixing one problem after another. I bought expensive software programs that actually made my problems worse, then another hard drive that I really didn't need.

Ultimately I had to take my computer to 2 different techs to work out all the bugs. If only I knew then what I know now.

After months of frustration and too many hundreds of dollars I care to admit to I finally learned what it takes to keep my computer healthy and functioning properly.

Below is what I learned and a recommendation that can help you avoid what I went through.

1. Get a spyware removal program. You've heard it before, but have you done it? This helps as your 1st line of defense against hackers and viruses.

2. Avoid opening email attachments from people you don't know. When in doubt, don't do it. Granted, this isn't so easy to do when you're in the people business, but I still encourage you to manage it as best you can. This alone eliminated a lot of my problems.

3. Scan for viruses and clean your registry at every opportunity. I spend a lot of time on the Internet working on my website marketing products, sending and receiving email and the like.

Consequently, my computer is vulnerable to attack from a lot of different ways. So, I scan it for viruses and clean my registry daily; sometimes several times a day depending on how long I've been on it.

If you don't have a good spyware program you should get one. It'll help you optimize your computer's performance, and get it in tip top condition in no time.

Here are the benefits.

They'll let you:

know if you have any files that are infecting your PC

help protect your computer and eliminate trojans, worms, dialers, browser hijackers, etc., and

help you avoid serious problems before they happen

You'll be amazed at how much speed and problem free use you can regain from the use of your computer after you install a good spyware program.

If you don't have one I strongly recommend Spyware Nuker. It's relatively inexpensive and is money well spent to safeguard your computer and personal and professional information stored on it.

You even get to try if for free before you buy it and I believe it comes with a 90 day satisfaction or money back guarantee.

Happy listings and please feel free to call me if I can be of assistance.

About The Author
Lanard Perry is the author of "Farming Expired Listings", a real estate listing system that shows how to list 1-2 listings a week. Visit http://www.farmingexpiredlistings.com for more info.

How To Choose A New Hard Drive For Your Computer

Writen by Peter Stewart

If you are running out of space on your computer or find that programs load a little slow, or that big files take a long time to open, it may be time for a new hard drive.

Making a more careful decision about the hard drive can mean a much longer working life for the hard drive. Better reliability, allowing the hard drive to run for many years without mechanical failures or the worst of all, losing your precious data to errors on the drive.

Obviously the main thing that people think about when getting a new drive is size. Although a 400GB drive sounds great, there are very few people who actually use this much space. Only if you save DVD movies to your hard drive, or if you do serious amounts of video editing will you need this much space. The smallest size drives available today are about 40GB and will suffice for all your needs. However if you want the latest technologies, bigger sizes are inevitable.

Over the years the speed at which hard drives work has increased. One of the main technologies to improve is the connection between the hard drive and the rest of the computer. It passes the information back and forth from the hard drive, the faster it is the faster information can be passed, and so speeding up the programs you use and the files you use.

There are 2 main varieties for this connection:

The old IDE kind, which comes in 4 flavors: ATA33, ATA66, ATA100 and ATA133, each number corresponding to the transfer rate in MB/s, the bigger the faster. This type is pretty standard. If your computer is older, you may only be able to use this kind, and depending how old will determine which speed.

SATA is a newer kind. It uses a different cable and allows much faster information transfer. The slower kind is 150MB/s and the faster is 300MB/s, so they are much faster than IDE.

A newer technology called Native Command Queuing (NCQ) speeds up how fast things are found and done on the hard drive. Just briefly, it orders the read and write commands given to it in such as way as to get the tasks done quicker and with less delay.

Drives are most often separated by their size and this is a big factor in the pricing of a drive. The smallest drives today are around 40GB, you can get a little smaller, but no point really. The largest of 400GB will be enough for a really long time.

The other thing that affects pricing is the rotation speed, which is the speed at which the big disk spins inside the disk drive. The faster it spins the faster information gets found. Look for rotation speeds of 7200RPM as standard and 10000 for the fast end.

With all of this it may be hard to decide, but here are my suggestions.

For a main drive, which has your Windows and programs on it, go for something faster, but bear in mind that even for me my ATA66 drive is fast enough for my uses. But a faster one will speed up how fast your programs go. It might be a good idea just to go for one big, fast drive.

Brand name drives are often worth getting, as manufacturers like Seagate, Maxtor and Western Digital are well known for long lasting quality products, which will not make any difference in the short term usually, but will pay off with long life and reliability.

If you want or need two drives the second one can sacrifice speed for size, as that's what's most often needed for a second drive, which usually stores all your information.

You should now have enough to make a smart choice in your next hard drive purchase. A good one can be kept for a very long time and minimize any hassles in the future.

Peter Stewart is a computer enthusiast, his interest in computers and focus on practicle down to earth advice inspired his two websites.

http://www.computer-buying-guide.com - Practical buying tips

http://www.computer-reviews.net - Fair and honest reviews and opinions

A Review Of Samsung Laser Toners

Writen by Max Bellamy

Samsung laser toner is just as popular as its Hewlett-Packard and Brother counterparts. Samsung is a group of products and services that began in Korea in 1938. Today Samsung operate five different business areas: Telecommunications, Digital and Home Appliances, Digital Media, LCD, and Semiconductors. They started their Electronics section in 1969. Today they are one of the top 100 brands in the world, and their printers and cartridges continue to gain a loyal following.

You can buy Samsung laser toner from their official website. There you will find a complete list of all their products. Enter "laser toner cartridge" in the website's search field and start comparing prices. You are guaranteed to get a quality from this site. Their website offers full specifications, so that you can find the right cartridge for your printer.

Another option is to go to the PCWorld website. Look for "printers" in the drop-down menu. They have a database of websites selling quality third-party laser toner. You can search for "Samsung" via a menu bar on the left. One color ink cartridge is available for under $30, for example. Be careful when you buy third-party laser toner products. Some of these will be sold as "compatible" or "remanufactured" but aren't up to specifications with the manufacturer's original standards. One good review website is Epinions, which allows users to rate all kinds of products, including laser printers and accessories, so that you can get a non-marketing perspective on products you are looking to buy.

You can find a list of authorized retailers of Samsung products on their website. That way, you won't accidentally end up buying a counterfeit Samsung laser toner cartridge.

Laser Toner Info provides detailed information about later toner cartridges and refills, as well as reviews of laser toner products. Laser Toner Info is the sister site of Brochure Printing Web.

How To Install A Cpu And Heatsink

Writen by Gary Hendricks

The most critical part of building your own computer is knowing how to install a CPU and how to install a heatsink. The CPU is the brain of your computer and is the most delicate part. It's easy to damage, although most CPUs are designed so that they're nearly impossible to install incorrectly.

Installing a CPU is one of the most important steps in building a PC

The heatsink cools the CPU and keeps it from frying. Heatsinks are fastened to the top of the CPU and sometimes come with an additional substance called "thermal paste." This is a thin gel that adds an additional layer of cooling. Let's look at the basic steps for installing the CPU and heatsink.

1. Locate the Processor Socket

Before you can install a CPU you should find the processor socket on the motherboard. This is the square socket with numerous pinholes in it. Lift the lever to the side of this socket so that you can install a CPU into it.

Look closely at the pin pattern on your CPU socket. Notice that there is a diagonal corner where it appears some pinholes are missing. It might appear as a triangular pattern. This is there to help you properly align the CPU to the CPU socket. Carefully grab the CPU by the sides and turn it over to examine the pins at the bottom.

Compare the alignment of your pins with the pattern on your socket and you'll see that there is only one correct pattern for alignment. Again, it's virtually impossible to install the CPU incorrectly unless you force it. Make sure that you have the CPU and socket aligned correctly before proceeding onto the next step.

2. Mount the CPU

Once you are sure that the CPU pins and socket pins holes are matched up correctly, you can insert the CPU into the socket. Again, be sure to use that diagonal pin pattern as your guide.

You might meet some resistance as you are pressing down. This is a delicate procedure – and if you've never before learned how to install a CPU, you might think you are doing it incorrectly. However, learning how to install computer components takes practice. The resistance is normal. Again, the socket design and CPU pin patterns are designed to match perfectly.

Press down past the resistance point and then the CPU will slide smoothly into the socket. The CPU may make a snapping sound as it slips into the socket. When you're sure it's complete, lower the lever at the side of the socket to lock the CPU into the socket.

Check to see if your particular brand of CPU or cooling solution came with a protection plate. If it did, place it above the CPU as explained in your documentation.

3. Apply the Thermal Compound

Next comes the thermal compound. Some people choose to avoid this step altogether, while others who teach on how to install a heatsink swear by it.

Generally a properly designed heatsink will ensure that you may not need a thermal compound. However it doesn't hurt to be too safe, especially with CPU processor speeds increasing and generating more and more heat. Thermal paste can usually shave off a few extra degrees of hot temperature off of your CPU.

Apply the thermal paste to the areas of the CPU that will make contact with the CPU. Begin by applying a little bit of the gel to the center of the CPU and then gently spreading outward. Don't apply too much of thermal compound. A little dab will do you. Be sure to spread an even, thin layer of the gel to ensure that there is complete coverage over your CPU.

4. Install the Heatsink

Now we learn how to install a heatsink. This is a very crucial step. If the heatsink is not installed properly it might come loose. Your CPU will overheat and be toast in no time.

Before we explain how to install a heatsink, check to see if your heatsink has a fan separate from the unit. If it does, you'll need to attach the fan to the heatsink first before attaching the heatsink to the CPU.

When you're ready, mount the heatsink over your CPU according to the specifications for your manufacturer. The directions will vary. Some heatsinks are installed by requiring you to clamp down on them with levers and attaching them to metal hooks on the motherboard. With other heatsinks you may have to screw the whole unit into the motherboard.

Whatever the procedure, follow it closely and be very careful. If you need to use a screwdriver to install the heatsink you could very easily slip and damage your system components.

5. Install the Heatsink Fan Header and Configure BIOS

The final step in learning how to install a heatsink involves connecting the power leads from the heatsink to their proper headers on the motherboard.

Locate the header for the CPU fan on the motherboard. Then plug the power cable from the heatsink into the fan header on the motherboard. There will be more than one header on the motherboard, so be sure that you pick the right one. Choose the wrong one and your computer might get a power surge that will fry the processor.

Check the documentation that came with your motherboard to properly locate the correct header. Once installed, be sure that it is securely in place.

Afterwards, assuming that the rest of your computer has been installed properly, you can configure the BIOS. The BIOS will need to detect the type and speed of the computer processor that has been installed. Again, the exact procedure will vary depending on the manufacturer; check the documentation that came with your motherboard.

Conclusion

Learning how to install computer components like a CPU and heatsink might seem like a daunting task to someone who's never done it. However, it's not as hard as you think. CPUs and heatsinks being made today were designed to fitly snug together with a minimum of fuss.

You don't need much in the way of mechanical skill and about the only tool you will need is a screwdriver. Yet this is by far the most delicate operation you will perform on your computer. Once you pass this hurdle, everything else will be a breeze.

Gary Hendricks runs a hobby site on building computers. Visit his website at Build-Your-Own-Computers.com for tips and tricks on assembling a PC, as well as buying good computer components.

Usb Hubs And Ports Explained

Writen by Nigel Stephens

The USB standard has become the universal means of connection peripheral devices and equipment to the computer. Computers have either two or four USB port connectors. Each of these can support a large number of connections but to be able to attach more than two or four devices requires a multi-connection hub. There are many different types of hubs and this article seeks to explain some of the important considerations in selecting the best choice of hub for your system.

The USB bus system in computers was introduced in 1996 and has gone through a number of developments and enhancements. It started out as USB 1 which was very slow and had many bugs. Version 1.1 brought a higher bandwidth of 12 MBits/second. The latest version of 2.0 gives a bandwidth of 480MBits/second and is fully backward compatible with USB 1 and 1.1. Link to a table showing differences between USB speeds (http://www.usb-products.com/usb-speed.aspx)

Port Connections and Power
All USB standards support up to 127 connections (or devices) per computer port. It is unlikely that this would be achievable as the port can only supply 0.5 Amps maximum. Some devices consume a full 0.5 Amps, so are powered from a power adaptor from the mains supply.

Bandwidth Sharing
Generally, the bandwidth of the port (http://www.usb-products.com/usb-port.aspx) is shared between all the devices that are attached through a hub. This means that if you want to add two USB 2 devices with a USB 1.1 device, the bandwidth is shared between all three devices. However, there is an extra complication. Most hubs (http://www.usb-products.com/usb-hub.aspx) have a single chip controlling the bus. This means that the hub will work at the lowest bandwidth determined by the connected devices resulting in the USB 2 devices working at much lower transfer speeds. Nearly all USB hubs on the market today (passive and powered) operate like this.

Multiple Chip Hubs
The transaction translator (TT) is the name for the controlling chip that assigns bandwidth to each connected device. In hubs that have one TT all devices share the same bandwidth and operate at the speed of the slowest. In hubs with a TT per socket, each receives a share of the bandwidth, but this is not restricted to the slowest device. Examples of this type of hub is the Belkin Tetra hub (http://www.usb-products.com/Products/Hi-Speed-USB-2-0-4-Port-TetraHub.aspx) This has 4 ports each with its own TT.

What this means in reality is that a multiple TT hub will provide much higher bandwidth per port when several devices are connected from one hub.

Maximum Performance and choice of Where to connect a device If you are after maximum performance for each of your USB 2 devices, each device should be plugged into its own USB port in the computer. Additional plug in cards can provide a vast number of USB ports for most needs. However, this situation might be going too far except for the most demanding of situations. Although several USB devices might be connected at the same time it is unlikely that they will all be in use together.

A useful compromise is to plug small bandwidth devices together into a single hub. These would include: mice; keyboard; Speakers; little used devices.

For devices that require a high bandwidth and are used often, direct connection in to a USB port is the best option. Devices would include: Flash memory drives; external disks; Web cams; Other frequently used devices.

If you don't have sufficient ports then either more ports should be added with a plug-in card or a good quality hub with multiple transaction translators should be used. The devices placed on the hub are those that are used less often. Those devices placed directly on the port are used most often.

Link to a selection flow chart that helps in selecting a hub (http://www.usb-products.com/USB-Hub-Selection.aspx)

Access Considerations
What type of configuration and mix of port and hubs will depend on the number of devices that you wish to attach. Desktop computer cases usually have ports in the front of the case for easy access. These can be used for devices that are often plugged / unplugged and require the highest bandwidth. These are flash memory drives and portable external drives and MP3 players.

USB hubs tend to clutter up the area with cable connections and power lead. These naturally go out of sight if possible or behind the monitor. For mobile computers, a small compact hub can be obtained. These may have there own wind-in or tidy away cables.

Powered and Passive Hubs
Hubs may be restricted in their use without a power connection as passive hubs rely on the power of the USB bus. Powered hubs have a mains power adaptor to provide additional power for devices. These devices range in the power they require. It is possible to run a number of different devices all from a single passive hub running of a USB port as long as they have low power requirements. With only 0.5 Amps current it only takes one of the devices requiring the full power requirement for the hub to be overwhelmed. Nothing serious is going to happen though except that the single will degrade and many or all the devices will loose connection with the computer. To avoid this situation a powered hub should be used.

Nigel Stephens heads an online business at http://www.usb-products.com supplying computer hardware products. Nigel's emphasis is in providing useful information so that consumers can make more informed choices.

Wireless Classrooms Mobile Laptop Labs For Schools

Writen by Eric Meyer

Wireless networks in schools is not a new thing but it's rare to see the wireless network used to it's full potential.

Technology with out wires gives the teacher the ability to bring the technology to the student instead of the whole class going to a computer lab.

Wireless mobile laptop labs can be used for many purposes:

•	Wireless Streaming Video  •	Research  •	Report Writing  •	Teacher Guided Instruction  •	Report writing  •	Typing  

What ever a student can do in a wired lab they can do with a wireless laptop mobile lab.

What are the features of a wireless mobile laptop lab:

1. Wireless Laptops - Laptops for schools should meet the following specs. First they need to have at least 512 mb of memory. Anything less will cause educational software to crawl. The laptop should weight about six pounds, a heavy laptop is about eight pounds plus and a light laptop is about 4lbs. The ultra light laptops are over $2,000 each and too expensive for schools. So six pound laptops are easy enough for schools to carry around. Now some people will tell me I'm wrong but school laptops don't need cd-roms or DVD -roms. Why you ask? It's because they will be the first thing to break and all software will run off the hard drive. The case needs to be a slim case so students can have proper hand placement when typing. Bluetooth devices are becoming all the rage so built in Bluetooth will be something to think about also. Hard drive size should only be about 30gig because nobody is going to download music or large media files.

2. Mobile Laptop Carts - They need to be easily moved, easy enough to take out and put in the laptops, and have a built in power strip for charging. Laptop carts can hold any where from 6 to 30 laptops at once. I recommend using laptop carts of 15 or smaller and spreading them through out the school.

3. Access points and printers - If you school can not afford permanent wireless access points have a wireless access point mounted on the card and plug it into a network port when needed. Also the cart can have a printer on it if needed, but I recommend network printers not desktops.

Studies have shown that students who use laptops in classrooms are more focused and have an easier time typing. Wireless networks free students from their desktops and frees them from having to go a computer lab to work with technology.

Come find the answers to your wireless networking problems. Join the most popular wireless networking newsletter on the internet at http://www.wirelessninja.com The Wireless Ninja makes the difficult easy, check out the Ninja certified wireless cameras http://www.wirelessninja.com/wireless_hidden_cameras.htm

Finding A Cheap Pc

Writen by Dave Stewart

The key to finding a cheap PC is where you look. Large department stores often offer 'bargains' with claimed huge discounts, but the actual computers are very basic models. Although it can go without saying, when you're buying a computer, go to a computer store. Specialist stores will provide lower prices and higher quality PC's than department stores or home office outlets. There are a number of paths you can go down in search of a cheap pc, the three we recommend are; refurbished desktop computers, dell packaged desktops or specialist computer package deals.

Refurbished desktop computers are a great way for people on a budget to buy a computer. Refurbished computers provide adequate machines at bargain prices. As long as you only really want the computer for basic tasks such as word processing, sending and receiving email, using the internet etc then a refurbished pc is perfect for you. Do to the large volume of second hand desktop computers, there is a huge supply market with relatively low demand. Making them great for people looking to pick up a bargain. When buying a refurbished or second hand pc, make sure you check all the details such as warranty, specifications and terms of service, to avoid any nasty surprises later on.

When shopping in the 'budget computer' market, you should really consider some of the big companies such as Dell, HP, IBM etc... These big corporations, because they trade with such high volume, can often offer computer packaged systems cheaper than other computer stores. In particular, Dell is a good choice to look at because of their product line specificly aimed at the low-end computer market. Additionally, buying through Dell has the ability to customize your system, so you can pick and choose the features you want.

Specialist computer stores often offer package systems, which they have assembled themselves onsite. These computers can often be real bargains. Take a trip down your local computer shop and have a look around, talk to someone about it. I personally find that these guys give the best advice you can get when looking for a new computer. Being able to talk to someone face to face about your purchase, being able to explain to them exactly what you want in your pc and the limits of your budget often results in a more comfortable, less stressful purchase and a better final product.

Before buying a computer look around a bit first, do the research now. Check and compare prices online, read reviews and talk to someone at you local computer store before committing to a big purchase. This way you'll ensure you get the most for your money and hopefully you can find that cheap pc.

Before you look at a Dell PC, you may find reading http://www.discountdesktopreviews.com/articles/considering-a-dell-desktop-pc.html helpful in explaining the product range.

About The Author
Dave Stewart

3 Uses For An External Hard Drive

Writen by Erick Charles

An external hard drive is a hard disk drive (much like the one in your computer) that is placed externally, outside of the case. You can buy them pre-made, or purchase a hard drive and an enclosure, and make your own. They came in many sizes, are relatively inexpensive, and are well suited to perform various functions. In this article, I will detail 3 specific uses for your external hard drive.

For one reason or another, you may have chosen a computer whose storage capacity you've outgrown. It may be full to capacity with files and programs, and you need room to expand. So the first example is to use your external hard drive to add expandability to your computer. This is true in case all of your PC's hard drive bays are full, and especially if you have a laptop which has only one hard drive bay.

A second example is to use your external hard drive as a shared storage drive. You can attach it to a PC, set permissions and share-ability, and start saving, and sharing various files. For example, you can share and save pictures, MP3s, and video files. By using it in this manner, you'll be able to free up tons of space on your computer's local hard drive, and you'll be able to share files with everyone in your home network.

Another possible use for your external hard drive is to save important documents. For example, you can scan wills, deeds, insurance information, leases, bank account and credit information, and store them on your external hard drive. You can also take pictures of all your valuables, and keep these safe in your external hard drive for future reference. If it's important to you, then it's worthy of being saved in your external hard drive. You can then store this hard drive in a secure location such as a fire-proof safe, or a safety deposit box. This will surely save you tons of headaches in case of theft, or worse yet, a disaster.

There you have it. That's 3 possible uses for your external hard drive. They're versatile, and come in sizes that you can choose according to your specific needs. If you have a lot of files to save, then you can get a 500 GB hard drive, or larger if you wish. If you only have a few important documents to save, then maybe a 15 GB hard drive will suffice. The important thing is that it is you who can choose the size you need. It is you who can choose what its primary function will be. And if you need to, you can get more than one external hard drive. That's what makes them so ideal.

Erick Charles has worked in the IT field for over 2 years. He is eager to share his knowledge and has created a websites geared towards the non-techie. You can visit it at http://thetechboy.com.